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| © Copyright Peter Crawford 2013 |
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
THE CHOSEN PEOPLE OF THE DEMIURGE - I
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| Cro-Magnon Man |
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| Neanderthal Man |
The 'chosen people' of the demiurge were hybrids (mixed-race) - the result of miscegenation - interbreeding - between the Cro-Magnons and the Neanderthals and less evolved primates.
These new races, in which the Neanderthal traits dominated, were 'lower hybrid races' - the non-Aryan races - and were designated by us - (the Æons) - as 'the creation of a lesser god' - the lesser 'god' being the Archon Demiourgós.
The Archon Demiourgós (δημιουργός), on the completion of his work of imitation ('mimesis' - making poor copies of the ineffable 'Forms') became blinded by arrogance.
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| Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon Girl |
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| Aryan Man |
He announced to his sentient creatures, the miscegenated hybrids - his 'chosen race' -
'Thou shalt worship no other god; for the Lord, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God' (Exod. 34:14).
'Thou shalt worship no other god; for the Lord, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God' (Exod. 34:14).
There were many hybrid races as a result of this miscegenation.
Miscegenation (Latin miscere "to mix" + genus "kind") is the mixing of different racial groups through marriage, cohabitation, sexual relations, and procreation. The term miscegenation has been used since the 19th century to refer to interracial marriage and interracial sexual relations, and more generally to the process of racial admixture, which has taken place since ancient history. Historically, the term has been used in the context of laws banning interracial marriage and sex, known as anti-miscegenation laws.
The most developed (in the sense of 'cunning') of these miscegenated lower races were the Semitic peoples, and it was this group that the Archon Demiurge chose in order to set his will over his new 'creation' - and therefore they became known to themselves, and other races, as the 'chosen people'.
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| © Copyright Peter Crawford 2013 |
The true 'chosen people', of course, were the Aryan people - the 'true blood' descendants of the Cro-Magnons - who were the physical, sentient descendants of the great Æons.
Modern DNA evidence has provided evidence that the world's Jews have a common ancestral lineage in the Levant, which can be traced to a common ancestral population that inhabited the Middle East.
DNA results indicate that the Jews have had a high percentage of marriage within their community; in contrast to a low percentage of interfaith marriages (as low as 0.5% per generation).
This indicates that there is a distinct racial group of Semitic people.
The Shasu
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| Shasu |
Shasu is an Egyptian word for semitic-speaking pastoral cattle nomads who lived in the Levant from what was known, to human history, as the late 'Bronze Age' to the 'Early Iron Age' or 'Third Intermediate Period' of Egyptian history.
These peoples of the Demiourgós were organized in clans, under tribal chieftaisn, and were described by those around them as lawless brigands, active from the Jezreel Valley to Ashkelon and the Sinai.
The name evolved from a transliteration of the Egyptian word š3sw, meaning "those who move on foot", into the term for Bedouin-type wanderers.
The term first originated in an ancient list of peoples in Transjordan.
It is used in a list of enemies of Egypt inscribed on column bases at the temple of Soleb built by the Pharoah Amenhotep III.
Copied later by either Pharaoh Seti I and Pharaoh Ramesses II at Amarah-West, the list mentions six groups of Shashu: the Shasu of S'rr, the Shasu of Lbn, the Shasu of Sm't, the Shasu of Wrbr, the Shasu of Yhw, and the Shasu of Pysps.
Copied later by either Pharaoh Seti I and Pharaoh Ramesses II at Amarah-West, the list mentions six groups of Shashu: the Shasu of S'rr, the Shasu of Lbn, the Shasu of Sm't, the Shasu of Wrbr, the Shasu of Yhw, and the Shasu of Pysps.
"Shasu of Yhw"
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| Merneptah Stele © Copyright Peter Crawford 2013 |
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| Mount Seir - Jebel Madhbah |
The demonym 'Israel', recorded on the Merneptah Stele, (see below), refers to a Shasu enclave, since later Jewish tradition portrays Yahweh "coming forth from Se'ir" (where there is a Semetic 'High Place).
The Shasu, originally from Moab and northern Edom, went on to form a major element in the amalgam that was to constitute the the racial entity 'Israel', which was protected and guided by the Archon Demiurge.
It was this racial group which later established the Kingdom of Israel.
The Merneptah Stele - also known as the 'Israel Stele' or 'Victory Stele of Merneptah' - is an inscription by the Ancient Egyptian king Merneptah (reign:1213 to 1203 BC) discovered by Flinders Petrie in 1896 at Thebes, and now housed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The text is largely an account of Merneptah's victory over the Libyans and their allies, but the last few lines deal with a separate campaign in Canaan, then part of Egypt's imperial possessions, and include the first probable instance of the name "Israel" in the historical record.
עברים or עבריים, - Hebrews ʿIḇrîm, ʿIḇriyyîm - is an ethnonym used in the Tanakh.
It is synonymous with the Semitic Israelites, especially in the pre-monarchic period when they were still nomadic, but may also be used in a wider sense, referring to the group known as 'Shasu of Yhw' (see above).
'Habiru' or 'Apiru' was the name given by various Sumerian, Egyptian, Akkadian, Hittite, Mitanni, and Ugaritic sources (dated, roughly, between 1800 BC and 1100 BC) to a racial group living as nomadic invaders in areas of the Fertile Crescent, from North-eastern Mesopotamia and Iran to the borders of Egypt in Canaan.
These people can be identified by the wall-paintings and reliefs, depicting them as racialy Semitic, and the name 'Habiru' is obviously taken from the word which the Hebrews used to describe themselves.
Significantly, these 'Habiru' are variously described as nomadic or semi-nomadic, rebels, outlaws, raiders, servants, slaves, migrant labourers, etc.
The names 'Habiru' and 'Apiru' are also used in Akkadian cuneiform texts.
The corresponding name in the Egyptian script appears to be ʕpr.w, pronounced 'Apiru' (W,or u-vowel "quail-chick" being used as the Egyptian plural suffix).
In Mesopotamian records they are also identified by the Sumerian logogram SA.GAZ.
The name 'Habiru' was also found in the 'Amarna Letters', which again include many names of Canaanite peoples written in Akkadian.
The Amarna letters (sometimes Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets) archive, on clay tablets, mostly diplomatic correspondence between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru during the New Kingdom. The letters were found in Upper Egypt at Amarna, the modern name for the Egyptian capital of Akhetaten (el-Amarna), founded by Pharaoh Akhenaten (1350s – 1330s BC) during the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. The Amarna letters are unusual in Egyptological research, because they are mostly written in Akkadian cuneiform, the writing system of ancient Mesopotamia, rather than in hieroglyphic, hieratic or demotic script normally used in ancient Egypt. The correspondence spans a period of at most thirty years.
The Amarna letters were written to Egyptian pharaohs in the 14th century BC, and document a time of unrest in Canaan that goes back before the battle of Kadesh, to the time of Pharaoh Thutmose I.
Though such letters are found throughout most of the Fertile Crescent, the arc of civilization extending from the Tigris-Euphrates river basins over to the Mediterranean littoral, and down through the Nile Valley during the Second Millennium, the principal area of historical interest is in their engagement with Egypt.
A number of what are known as the 'Amarna letters' - sent to Pharaohs Amenhotep III, Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) and, briefly, his two successors, from vassal kings in Canaan and Syria in the 14th century BC - mention the "Habiru".
These letters, written by Canaanite scribes in the cuneiform-based Akkadian language, complain about attacks by armed groups who were willing to fight and plunder on any side of the local wars in exchange for equipment, provisions, and quarters.
These people are the "Habiru".
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The Creation of a 'Chosen People'
The Archon Demiurge taught his 'chosen people' to trace their origin to Abraham, who supposedly established the belief among certain Semitic groups that there was only one God, the supposed creator of the universe - who was referred to as El.
ʾĒl (written aleph-lamed, e.g. Ugaritic: Hebrew: אל, Arabic: إل or إله, cognate to Akkadian: ilu) is a Northwest Semitic word meaning "deity" or god.
In the Canaanite religion, or Levantine religion as a whole, El or Il was a god also known as the 'Father of Humankind', and all of creatures, and in some traditions, the husband of the Goddess Asherah, as recorded in the clay tablets of Ugarit. The bull was symbolic to El. He may have been a desert god at some point.
In the תַּנַ"ךְ (Tanakh - the canon of the Hebrew Bible - also known as the Masoretic Text or Miqra), אֱלֹהִ֔ים (’elōhîm) is the normal word for a God. The theological position of the Tanakh is that the names Ēl and ’Ĕlōhîm, when used in the singular to mean the supreme and active 'God', refer to the same being as does the name, Yahweh. All three refer to the one supreme God who is the God of Israel, beside whom other Gods are supposed to be either non-existent or insignificant. Whether this was a longstanding belief or a relatively new one has long been the subject of inconclusive scholarly debate about the prehistory of the sources of the Tanakh and about the prehistory of Israelite religion. YHVH says in Exodus 6:2–3:
'I revealed myself to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob as Ēl Shaddāi, but was not known to them by my name, Yahweh.'
Abraham, his son יִצְחָק (Yitshak - Isaac), and grandson יַעֲקֹב (Jacob - Israel), were held to be the patriarchs of the Israelites.
All three patriarchs were said to have lived in the Land of Canaan, that later came to be known as the Land of Israel.
They, and their wives, were buried in the מערת המכפלה (Me'arat ha-Machpela), the 'Tomb of the Patriarchs', in Hebron
According to the Hebrew Bible אַבְרָהָם (Abraham) was born in the Sumerian city of Ur Kaśdim in Mesopotamia, and migrated to Canaan (commonly known as the Land of Israel) with his family.
אַבְרָהָם Abraham (אַבְרָהָם Arabic: إبراهيمʾIbrāhīm), originally Abram, is the first of the three Patriarchs of Israel whose story is told in chapters 11–25 of the Book of Genesis.
Abram was called by God to leave his father Terah's house and native land of Mesopotamia, in return for a new land, family, and inheritance in Canaan, the so-called 'promised land'. Threats to the covenant arose – difficulties in producing an heir, the threat of bondage in Egypt, of lack of fear of God – but all were overcome and the covenant was established. After the death, and burial of his wife, Sarah, in the grave that he purchased in Hebron, Abraham arranged for the marriage of Isaac to a woman from his own people. Abraham later married a woman called Keturah and had six more sons, before he died at the recorded age of 175 (?), and was buried by his sons Isaac and Ishmael. ( Genesis 25:1–10)
The Bible's internal chronology places Abraham around 2000 BCE, but the stories in Genesis cannot be definitively related to the known history of that time.
This, of course, is a fantasy concocted by the Archon Demiurge, to give a sense of unity to the various 'mixed-race' Semitic tribes, who originated in Mesopotamia, and which constituted his 'chosen people'
According to this fantasy, יַעֲקֹב (Yaʿakov - Jacob) and his sons are forced by famine to go down into Egypt.
When they arrive they and their families are 70 in number, but within four generations they have increased to 600,000 men of fighting age, and the Pharaoh of Egypt, alarmed, first enslaves them and then orders the death of all male Hebrew children.
The 'God of Israel' (the Archon Demiurge calling himself יהוה Yaweh) revealed his name to מֹשֶׁה, (Moshe - Moses), (who is described as a Hebrew of the tribe of Levi).
Moses leads the Israelites out of slavery, and into the desert, where יהוה (Yaweh) gives them their laws and, in return for Yaweh's guidance and protection, the Israelites agree to become 'his people'.
This story is, of course, an invention of the Archon Demiurge.
The sons of Jacob were never slaves in Egypt - rather they were marauding invaders (semi-nomadic, rebels, outlaws, raiders - see above), whom the Egyptians referred to as the Hyksos.
The Hyksos (Egyptian heqa khasewet, "foreign rulers or desert princes"; Greek Ὑκσώς, Ὑξώς, Arabic: الملوك الرعاة, shepherd kings) were a mixed-race Semitic people who took over the eastern Nile Delta, ending the thirteenth dynasty, and initiating the 'Second Intermediate Period' of ancient Egypt.
The Hyksos first appeared in Egypt c.1800 BC, during the eleventh dynasty, began their climb to power in the thirteenth dynasty, and came out of the second intermediate period in control of Avaris and the Egyptian Delta.
By the fifteenth dynasty, they ruled Lower Egypt, and at the end of the seventeenth dynasty, they were expelled (c.1560 BC) - reflected in the legend of the Exodus..
The historian Josephus states correctly that the Hyksos were in fact the 'Children of Jacob' (Jews) who joined his son Joseph to escape the famine in the land of Canaan in the book of Exodus.
Interestingly, the Hyksos included Negro soldiers (Nubians) in their armies when fighting the native Egyptians.
The origin of the term "Hyksos" derives from the Egyptian expression heka khasewet ("rulers of foreign lands"), used in Egyptian texts such as the 'Turin King List' to describe the rulers of neighbouring lands.
This expression begins to appear as early as the late Old Kingdom in Egypt, referring to various Nubian (Negroid) chieftains, and as early as the Middle Kingdom, referring to the Semitic chieftains of Mesopotamia and Canaan..
Kamose, the last Pharaoh of the Theban 17th Dynasty, refers to Apophis, leader of the Hyksos, as a "Chieftain of Retjenu (i.e., Canaan)" in a stela that implies a Semitic Canaanite background for this Hyksos king.
The Hyksos kingdom was centred in the eastern Nile Delta and Middle Egypt, and was limited in size, never extending south into Upper Egypt, which was under the control of Theban-based rulers.
Hyksos relations with the south seem, to have been mainly of a commercial nature, although Theban princes appear to have recognized the Hyksos rulers, and may possibly have provided them with tribute for a period.
The Hyksos Fifteenth Dynasty rulers established their capital and seat of government at Avaris in the area that was referred to in the תַּנַ"ךְ (Tanakh - the canon of the Hebrew Bible - also known as the Masoretic Text or Miqra), as 'Goshen'.
אֶרֶץ גֹּשֶׁן or ארץ גושן (The Land of Goshen (Hebrew: Eretz Gošen) is named in the Bible as the place in Egypt given to the Hebrews by the Pharaoh of Joseph (Genesis 45:9 - 10), and the land from which they later left Egypt at the time of the Exodus. It was located in the eastern Delta. Goshen has been identified as the 20th Nome (Province) of Egypt, located in the eastern Delta, and known as "Gesem" or "Kesem" during the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt (672-525 BC). It covered the western end of the Wadi Tumilat, the eastern end being the district of Succoth, which had Avaris as its main town, extended north as far as Piramesse (the "land of Rameses"), and included both crop land and grazing land.
The rule of these kings overlaps with that of the native Egyptian Pharaohs of the 16th and 17th dynasties of Egypt, better known as the 'Second Intermediate Period'.
The first Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, Ahmose I, finally expelled the Hyksos from their last holdout at Sharuhen in Gaza by the 16th year of his reign.
Because they had no advanced social traditions of their own, the Hyksos used Egyptian titles associated with traditional Egyptian kingship, and took the Egyptian god Seth to represent their own deity יהוה (YHWH).
THE HYSOS AS INVADERS
In spite of the prosperity that the stable political situation brought to the land, the native Egyptians continued to view the Hyksos as non-Egyptian "invaders."
When the Semitic Hyksos were eventually driven out of Egypt, all traces of their occupation were erased.
No accounts survive recording the history of the period from the Hyksos perspective except the legend that they were enslaved by the Egyptians, and freed by the combined actions of Moses, and his 'god' Yaweh.
There are, however, detailed accounts from the native Egyptians who evicted the occupiers, in this case the rulers of the Eighteenth Dynasty, who were the direct successor of the Theban Seventeenth Dynasty.
The historian Manetho wrote that -
'By main force they overpowered the rulers of the land. They then burned our cities ruthlessly, razed to the ground the temples of gods… Finally, they appointed as king one of their number. He had his seat at Memphis, levying tribute from Upper and Lower Egypt and leaving garrisons behind in the most advantageous positions.'
Most significantly the Hyksos had no culture of their own and, like parasites, derived their social structures, art, architecture, and all aspects of civilised life from their host country.
This is a phenomena that was repeated in every country which the descendants of the Semitic Hykos either over-ran or settled.
THE JEWISH LAW
In order to set his 'chosen people' apart from the other hybrid, mixed-race groups, and to instil in them a sense of separation and discipline, the Archon Demiurge gave them not culture, but law, in the form of detailed regulations affecting every aspect of their lives.
Using the alphabets which had been taught to the higher races by the Æons, these laws and regulations were woven into a narrative which described how the Semites had been 'created' by the Archon Demiurge - who now called himself 'Yaweh'.
In order to maintain contact with his 'chosen people' the Archon Demiurge gave the Jewish priesthood a device which was contained in a specially constructed container.
This device was called in Jewish scriptures the אָרוֹן הַבְּרִית (the Ark of the Covenant - covenant here meaning the link between Yaweh and his 'chosen people').
However, because the 'chosen people' had no culture, and no art, the design of this device was based on Egyptian models.
The 'god' יהוה (Yahweh), prior to taking on wholly monotheistic attributes in the 6th century BCE, was a part of the Canaanite pantheon in the pre-Babylonian captivity period.
Yahweh was seen as a war god, and equated with El. Asherah, who was often seen as El's consort, has been described as a consort of Yahweh in numerous inscriptions.
The name Yahwi may be found in some male Amorite names.
Yahu may be found in a place name.
The earliest known occurrence of the name "Yahu" is its inclusion of the name "the land of Shasu-y/iw" in a list of Egyptian place names found in the temple of Amon at Soleb, from the time of Pharaoh Amenhotep III (1402-1363 BCE).
The place name appears to be associated with Asiatic nomads in the 14th to 13th centuries BCE.
A later mention from the era of Pharaoh Ramesses II (c. 1303 BCE – 1213 BCE) associates Yahu with Mount Seir. From this, it is generally supposed that this Yahu refers to a place in the area of Moab and Edom. Whether the god was named after the place, or the place named after the god, is undecided.
Early worship of 'Yahweh' likely originated in southern Canaan during the Late Bronze Age.It is probable that Yahu or 'Yahweh' was worshipped in southern Canaan (Edom, Moab, Midian) from the 14th century BC, and that this cult was transmitted northwards due to the Kenites.
It is assumed that Moses was a historical Midianite who brought the cult of 'Yahweh' north to Israel.
This idea is based on an old tradition (recorded in Judges 1:16, 4:11) that Moses' father-in-law was a Midianite priest of 'Yahweh', as it were preserving a memory of the Midianite origin of the god. The oldest West Semitic attestation of the name (outside of biblical evidence) is the inscription of the victory stela erected by Mesha, king of Moab, in the 9th century BC.
In this inscription, 'Yahweh' is not presented as a Moabite deity. Mesha rather records how he defeated Israel, and plundered the temple of 'Yahweh', presenting the spoils to his own god, Chemosh. The direct competition of 'Yahweh' with Baal is depicted in the narrative of Elijah in the 'Books of Kings'. Baʿal (Biblical Hebrew בעל, usually spelled Baal in English) is a Northwest Semitic title, and honorific, meaning "master" or "lord" that is used for various gods who were patrons of cities in the Levant and Asia Minor, cognate to Akkadian Bēlu. Baʿal can refer to any god and even to human officials. In some texts it is used for Hadad, a god of the rain, thunder, fertility and agriculture, and the lord of Heaven. Since only priests were allowed to utter his divine name, Hadad, Ba‛al was commonly used. Nevertheless, few if any Biblical uses of "Baʿal" refer to Hadad, the lord over the assembly of gods on the holy mount of Heaven, but rather refer to any number of local spirit-deities worshipped as cult images, each called baʿal and regarded in the Hebrew Bible in that context as a "false god". At first the name Baʿal was used by the Jews for their 'god' without discrimination, but as the struggle between the two religions developed, the name Baʿal was given up in Judaism
'Yahweh' or Yahu appears in many Hebrew Bible theophoric names, including Elijah itself, which translates to "my god is Yahu", besides other names such as Yesha'yahu "Yahu saved", Yeshua (Jesus) "Yahweh's Salvation", or Yahu-haz "Yahu held", and others found in the early Jewish Elephantine papyri.
The Shasu, originally from Moab and northern Edom, went on to form a major element in the amalgam that was to constitute the the racial entity 'Israel', which was protected and guided by the Archon Demiurge.
It was this racial group which later established the Kingdom of Israel.
The Merneptah Stele - also known as the 'Israel Stele' or 'Victory Stele of Merneptah' - is an inscription by the Ancient Egyptian king Merneptah (reign:1213 to 1203 BC) discovered by Flinders Petrie in 1896 at Thebes, and now housed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The text is largely an account of Merneptah's victory over the Libyans and their allies, but the last few lines deal with a separate campaign in Canaan, then part of Egypt's imperial possessions, and include the first probable instance of the name "Israel" in the historical record.
עברים or עבריים, - Hebrews ʿIḇrîm, ʿIḇriyyîm - is an ethnonym used in the Tanakh.
It is synonymous with the Semitic Israelites, especially in the pre-monarchic period when they were still nomadic, but may also be used in a wider sense, referring to the group known as 'Shasu of Yhw' (see above).
'Habiru' or 'Apiru' was the name given by various Sumerian, Egyptian, Akkadian, Hittite, Mitanni, and Ugaritic sources (dated, roughly, between 1800 BC and 1100 BC) to a racial group living as nomadic invaders in areas of the Fertile Crescent, from North-eastern Mesopotamia and Iran to the borders of Egypt in Canaan.
These people can be identified by the wall-paintings and reliefs, depicting them as racialy Semitic, and the name 'Habiru' is obviously taken from the word which the Hebrews used to describe themselves.
Significantly, these 'Habiru' are variously described as nomadic or semi-nomadic, rebels, outlaws, raiders, servants, slaves, migrant labourers, etc.
The names 'Habiru' and 'Apiru' are also used in Akkadian cuneiform texts.
The corresponding name in the Egyptian script appears to be ʕpr.w, pronounced 'Apiru' (W,or u-vowel "quail-chick" being used as the Egyptian plural suffix).
In Mesopotamian records they are also identified by the Sumerian logogram SA.GAZ.
The name 'Habiru' was also found in the 'Amarna Letters', which again include many names of Canaanite peoples written in Akkadian.
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| Amarna Letters © Copyright Peter Crawford 2013 |
The Amarna letters were written to Egyptian pharaohs in the 14th century BC, and document a time of unrest in Canaan that goes back before the battle of Kadesh, to the time of Pharaoh Thutmose I.
Though such letters are found throughout most of the Fertile Crescent, the arc of civilization extending from the Tigris-Euphrates river basins over to the Mediterranean littoral, and down through the Nile Valley during the Second Millennium, the principal area of historical interest is in their engagement with Egypt.
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| Amenhotep III |
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| Akhenaten |
These letters, written by Canaanite scribes in the cuneiform-based Akkadian language, complain about attacks by armed groups who were willing to fight and plunder on any side of the local wars in exchange for equipment, provisions, and quarters.
These people are the "Habiru".
,
The Creation of a 'Chosen People'
The Archon Demiurge taught his 'chosen people' to trace their origin to Abraham, who supposedly established the belief among certain Semitic groups that there was only one God, the supposed creator of the universe - who was referred to as El.
 |
| The bull was symbolic to El © Copyright Peter Crawford 2013 |
In the Canaanite religion, or Levantine religion as a whole, El or Il was a god also known as the 'Father of Humankind', and all of creatures, and in some traditions, the husband of the Goddess Asherah, as recorded in the clay tablets of Ugarit. The bull was symbolic to El. He may have been a desert god at some point.
In the תַּנַ"ךְ (Tanakh - the canon of the Hebrew Bible - also known as the Masoretic Text or Miqra), אֱלֹהִ֔ים (’elōhîm) is the normal word for a God. The theological position of the Tanakh is that the names Ēl and ’Ĕlōhîm, when used in the singular to mean the supreme and active 'God', refer to the same being as does the name, Yahweh. All three refer to the one supreme God who is the God of Israel, beside whom other Gods are supposed to be either non-existent or insignificant. Whether this was a longstanding belief or a relatively new one has long been the subject of inconclusive scholarly debate about the prehistory of the sources of the Tanakh and about the prehistory of Israelite religion. YHVH says in Exodus 6:2–3:
'I revealed myself to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob as Ēl Shaddāi, but was not known to them by my name, Yahweh.'
Abraham, his son יִצְחָק (Yitshak - Isaac), and grandson יַעֲקֹב (Jacob - Israel), were held to be the patriarchs of the Israelites.
All three patriarchs were said to have lived in the Land of Canaan, that later came to be known as the Land of Israel.
They, and their wives, were buried in the מערת המכפלה (Me'arat ha-Machpela), the 'Tomb of the Patriarchs', in Hebron
According to the Hebrew Bible אַבְרָהָם (Abraham) was born in the Sumerian city of Ur Kaśdim in Mesopotamia, and migrated to Canaan (commonly known as the Land of Israel) with his family.
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| Ur of the Chaldees |
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| Abraham leaves Ur of the Chaldees |
The Bible's internal chronology places Abraham around 2000 BCE, but the stories in Genesis cannot be definitively related to the known history of that time.
This, of course, is a fantasy concocted by the Archon Demiurge, to give a sense of unity to the various 'mixed-race' Semitic tribes, who originated in Mesopotamia, and which constituted his 'chosen people'
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| The Israelites in Egypt |
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| Moses |
When they arrive they and their families are 70 in number, but within four generations they have increased to 600,000 men of fighting age, and the Pharaoh of Egypt, alarmed, first enslaves them and then orders the death of all male Hebrew children.
The 'God of Israel' (the Archon Demiurge calling himself יהוה Yaweh) revealed his name to מֹשֶׁה, (Moshe - Moses), (who is described as a Hebrew of the tribe of Levi).
Moses leads the Israelites out of slavery, and into the desert, where יהוה (Yaweh) gives them their laws and, in return for Yaweh's guidance and protection, the Israelites agree to become 'his people'.
 |
| Hyksos and Egyptians |
The sons of Jacob were never slaves in Egypt - rather they were marauding invaders (semi-nomadic, rebels, outlaws, raiders - see above), whom the Egyptians referred to as the Hyksos.
The Hyksos (Egyptian heqa khasewet, "foreign rulers or desert princes"; Greek Ὑκσώς, Ὑξώς, Arabic: الملوك الرعاة, shepherd kings) were a mixed-race Semitic people who took over the eastern Nile Delta, ending the thirteenth dynasty, and initiating the 'Second Intermediate Period' of ancient Egypt.
The Hyksos first appeared in Egypt c.1800 BC, during the eleventh dynasty, began their climb to power in the thirteenth dynasty, and came out of the second intermediate period in control of Avaris and the Egyptian Delta.
 |
| Negro soldiers fighting for the Hyksos |
The historian Josephus states correctly that the Hyksos were in fact the 'Children of Jacob' (Jews) who joined his son Joseph to escape the famine in the land of Canaan in the book of Exodus.
Interestingly, the Hyksos included Negro soldiers (Nubians) in their armies when fighting the native Egyptians.
The origin of the term "Hyksos" derives from the Egyptian expression heka khasewet ("rulers of foreign lands"), used in Egyptian texts such as the 'Turin King List' to describe the rulers of neighbouring lands.
This expression begins to appear as early as the late Old Kingdom in Egypt, referring to various Nubian (Negroid) chieftains, and as early as the Middle Kingdom, referring to the Semitic chieftains of Mesopotamia and Canaan..
Kamose, the last Pharaoh of the Theban 17th Dynasty, refers to Apophis, leader of the Hyksos, as a "Chieftain of Retjenu (i.e., Canaan)" in a stela that implies a Semitic Canaanite background for this Hyksos king.
The Hyksos kingdom was centred in the eastern Nile Delta and Middle Egypt, and was limited in size, never extending south into Upper Egypt, which was under the control of Theban-based rulers.
Hyksos relations with the south seem, to have been mainly of a commercial nature, although Theban princes appear to have recognized the Hyksos rulers, and may possibly have provided them with tribute for a period.
The Hyksos Fifteenth Dynasty rulers established their capital and seat of government at Avaris in the area that was referred to in the תַּנַ"ךְ (Tanakh - the canon of the Hebrew Bible - also known as the Masoretic Text or Miqra), as 'Goshen'.
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| Avaris - Goshen |
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| Avaris - Goshen |
The rule of these kings overlaps with that of the native Egyptian Pharaohs of the 16th and 17th dynasties of Egypt, better known as the 'Second Intermediate Period'.
The first Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, Ahmose I, finally expelled the Hyksos from their last holdout at Sharuhen in Gaza by the 16th year of his reign.
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| The Demiurge Incarnated as Seth |
THE ARCHON SETH
Set (also spelled Setesh, Sutekh, Setekh, or Suty) was the incarnated δημιουργός ( Archon Demiurge), whom the Jews called 'Yaweh'.
The meaning of the name Seth is unknown, thought to have been originally pronounced *Sūtaḫ based on the occurrence of his name in Egyptian hieroglyphs (swtḫ), and his later mention in the Coptic documents with the name Sēt.
His purpose was to disrupt the work of the Aeons.
The Ancient Egyptians, not understanding the differentiation between the Aeons and the Archon Demiurge, believed the Archon to be a 'god' (neter) of the desert, storms, and foreigners.
In later myths he was also the 'god' of darkness, and chaos.
In Ancient Greek, the 'god's' name was given as Seth.
For the Egyptians, Set, who was worshipped exclusively, represented a manifestation of evil.
During the Second Intermediate Period, the Hyksos chose Set, originally Upper Egypt's chief god, the god of foreigners and the god they found most similar to their own chief god, as their patron.
The Hyksos King Apophis is recorded as worshipping Set in a monolatric way: 'He chose for his Lord the god Seth. He didn't worship any other deity in the whole land except Seth.'
- Papyrus Sallier 1 (Apophis and Sekenenre), 1.2-3, ed. Gardiner 1932
THE HYSOS AS INVADERS
When the Semitic Hyksos were eventually driven out of Egypt, all traces of their occupation were erased.
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| Edward Poynter - 'Israel in Egypt' - 1867 |
There are, however, detailed accounts from the native Egyptians who evicted the occupiers, in this case the rulers of the Eighteenth Dynasty, who were the direct successor of the Theban Seventeenth Dynasty.
The historian Manetho wrote that -
'By main force they overpowered the rulers of the land. They then burned our cities ruthlessly, razed to the ground the temples of gods… Finally, they appointed as king one of their number. He had his seat at Memphis, levying tribute from Upper and Lower Egypt and leaving garrisons behind in the most advantageous positions.'
Most significantly the Hyksos had no culture of their own and, like parasites, derived their social structures, art, architecture, and all aspects of civilised life from their host country.
This is a phenomena that was repeated in every country which the descendants of the Semitic Hykos either over-ran or settled.
THE JEWISH LAW
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| Scroll of the Law |
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| Ark of the Covenant |
In order to maintain contact with his 'chosen people' the Archon Demiurge gave the Jewish priesthood a device which was contained in a specially constructed container.
This device was called in Jewish scriptures the אָרוֹן הַבְּרִית (the Ark of the Covenant - covenant here meaning the link between Yaweh and his 'chosen people').
However, because the 'chosen people' had no culture, and no art, the design of this device was based on Egyptian models.
The 'god' יהוה (Yahweh), prior to taking on wholly monotheistic attributes in the 6th century BCE, was a part of the Canaanite pantheon in the pre-Babylonian captivity period.
Archaeological evidence reveals that during this time period the Israelites were a group of Semetic Canaanite people.
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| El. Asherah |
The name Yahwi may be found in some male Amorite names.
Yahu may be found in a place name.
The earliest known occurrence of the name "Yahu" is its inclusion of the name "the land of Shasu-y/iw" in a list of Egyptian place names found in the temple of Amon at Soleb, from the time of Pharaoh Amenhotep III (1402-1363 BCE).
The place name appears to be associated with Asiatic nomads in the 14th to 13th centuries BCE.
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| Ramesses II |
Early worship of 'Yahweh' likely originated in southern Canaan during the Late Bronze Age.It is probable that Yahu or 'Yahweh' was worshipped in southern Canaan (Edom, Moab, Midian) from the 14th century BC, and that this cult was transmitted northwards due to the Kenites.
It is assumed that Moses was a historical Midianite who brought the cult of 'Yahweh' north to Israel.
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| Moses and Jethro in Midian |
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| Baʿal - בעל |
'Yahweh' or Yahu appears in many Hebrew Bible theophoric names, including Elijah itself, which translates to "my god is Yahu", besides other names such as Yesha'yahu "Yahu saved", Yeshua (Jesus) "Yahweh's Salvation", or Yahu-haz "Yahu held", and others found in the early Jewish Elephantine papyri.
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| © Copyright Peter Crawford 2013 |
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| © Copyright Peter Crawford 2013 |
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